欧洲空气源热泵采暖制冷技术应用概况

  自然能源的充分利用，可以说是主要体现在“上”、“中”、“下”三个方面：所谓“上”，就是指充分利用天上太阳的光和热;所谓“中”，就是指充分利用空气中蓄含的能量;所谓“下”，就是指充分利用地下土壤中蕴藏的能量。

  以经济、高效、节能和可持续的方式，为家庭提供暖气，寻求一套完整的可靠的家庭加热解决方案，是世界各国共同探索的一个课题。

  欧洲是人类现代文明(比如，“自来水”的应用、厕所“马桶”的应用、家庭小型污水初步处理“化粪池”系统的应用)的发源地，现代欧洲的科技发展水平，代表了世界未来科技方面的一种发展趋势。

  根据欧盟内部达成的协议，到2020年年底，欧洲的每一个新建建筑，都必须是“低能耗影响”(近零能耗建筑或者NZEB)，即，能源需求非常低的建筑，无论如何，都要被“可再生能源”所覆盖。所谓“可再生能源”(Renewable Energy)，是指来自大自然的能源，取之不尽，用之不竭，会自动再生，是相对于会穷尽的不可再生能源的一种能源，可再生能源的主要表现形式，有太阳能、空气能、地热能、风能、潮汐能、生物质能，等等。

  世界各国(包括当下的中国)，对可再生能源的利用上，一般都会有政府方面的一些政策性补贴配套措施。

  在屋顶、外墙、地板3大区域，采用超级保温隔热构造的独立住宅，使用“空气源热泵系统”，为冬季采暖、生活热水提供热量，三维立体剖解示意图。

  实际上，除了采用“空气源热泵系统”之外，往往还配套另外一种形式的采暖方式，比如，屋顶太阳能集热系统，或者电力加热系统，辅助混合使用。

  Air source heat pumps(空气源热泵)

  Annual running costs will be significantly lower when compared to conventional methods such as gas and oil.

  (与传统方法(如，燃气和燃油)相比，年运行成本将显着降低。)

  CO2 Emissions – (二氧化碳的排放量——实际上，采用空气源热泵系统，比采用其它供暖形式，二氧化碳气体的排放量，要少许多)

  Simple to maintain and built with good quality materials.

  (维修简单，材料质量好。)

  The temperature provided by the heat pump is lower than conventional forms of heating such as gas and oil meaning the heat emitter must be sized correctly to ensure the building is comfortably heated.

  (空气对水热泵提供的温度低于传统的加热形式，如，燃气加热和燃油加热，这意味着必须正确调整散热器的大小，以确保房产的加热舒适。)

  The heat pump will need to be located externally with 1.5 metres of free space in front and roughly 0.5 metres to each side.

  (热泵需要位于外部，前方1.5米的自由空间，每侧大约0.5米。)

  The cost depends on the size of the property and heat loss of the building.

  (费用取决于房产的大小和热损失。)

  The running costs also depends on these factors as well as the way you use you heating system.

  (运行成本也取决于这些因素以及您使用加热系统的方式。)

  You will always save money when converting to a heat pump; how much you save depends mainly on your existing fuel type.

  (当改变为热泵时，您将始终省钱，到底你节省了多少，这主要取决于你现有燃料的类型。)

  To increase your savings and return on investment the following should be considered;

  (为了增加你的节省和投资回报，应该考虑以下事项：)

  Heat emitter – Underfloor heating is ideal but not always possible.

  (散热器——地暖是理想的，但并不总是可能的。)

  If using existing radiators they must be sized correctly.(如果使用现有散热器, 则必须正确调整大小。)

  Isle – eco will undertake a detailed heat loss calculation to ensure the correct capacity is installed and radiators are sized correctly.

  (Isle - eco将进行详细的热损失计算，以确保安装正确的容量，并确保散热器的尺寸正确。)

  Fuel costs – Unfortunately there will still be a fuel bill to pay as the heat pump uses electricity to operate although at a much higher efficiency and lower cost.

  (燃料成本 —— 不幸的是，当热泵使用电力运行时，仍然会有燃料费用支付，尽管效率更高，成本更低。)

  In some cases solar photovoltaic can be used to run the heat pump.

  (在某些情况下，太阳能光伏发电，可以用来运行热泵。)

  Replacing older boilers – Savings will be higher when replacing an old existing boiler as its age often reflects its efficiency.

  (更换旧锅炉——当更换旧的锅炉时，节省的费用会更高，因为它的老化，常常反映出它的效率。)

  Controls – They way in which the heat pump is designed and controlled are important and can vary from system to system.

  (控制 —— 热泵的设计和控制方式非常重要，因系统而异。)

  Understanding how your system is controlled will guarantee a sharper performance with more cost effective results.

  (了解你的系统是如何控制的，将保证更清晰的性能和更具成本效益的结果。)

  You can expect the system to operate effectively for 20 years providing regular maintenance is undertaken; this is also required to qualify for all warranties.

  (您可以预期该系统有效运作20年，提供定期维修，这也需要符合所有保修条件。)

  All our clients are given an installation and maintenance handbook which should enable the end user to undertake minor maintenance works such as cleaning debris from the inlet grille and checking pressure and flow rates via gauges located on the system.

  (我们的所有客户都将得到一份安装和维护手册，它将使最终用户能够进行一些小的维护工作，如，从入口格栅中清理杂物，以及通过系统上的仪表，检查压力和流速。)

  An anti-freeze is used within the system to prevent freezing at the external unit.

  (系统内部使用防冻剂，以防止外部设备冻结。)

  The concentration of anti-freeze will need to be monitored and changed every 3-5 years to ensure adequate protection.

  (防冻剂的浓度，每隔3-5年，需要监测和更换，以确保足够的保护。)

  Installing a ground or air source heating system will not require planning permission providing:

  (安装地源供暖系统或者空气源供暖系统，不需要提供规划许可：)

  The highest point of the installation must be no more than 2.5 meters above ground level

  (安装的最高点不得超过地面2.5米)

  Noise emanating from an air pump must comply with the noise rating curve equivalent to the background level measured 1 meter from the boundary of the nearest residential premises.

  (空气源热泵发出的噪音，必须符合与最近住宅区边界1米处的背景水平相当的噪音评级曲线。)

  Air Source Heat Pumps Explained(空气源热泵说明)

  独立住宅，空气源热泵，冬天(WINTER)和夏天(SUMMER)，室外空气(Outside Air)、冷空气(Cooled Air)、热空气(Warm Air)的运作，示意图。

  Heat pumps are one of the best options in the world of energy efficiency, particularly for the cold New England winters.

  (热泵是能源效率世界上最好的选择之一，尤其是在新英格兰寒冷的冬天。)

  How Does a Heat Pump Work? (热泵是如何工作的?)

  The most basic explanation of a heat pump is that it moves warm air from one place to another.

  (热泵最基本的解释是它把热空气从一个地方移动到另一个地方。)

  In the winter the refrigerant in the system absorbs heat from the cold air outside and transfers it inside your home.

  (在冬季, 系统中的制冷剂吸收外面冷空气中的热量, 并把它转移到你的家中。)

  It may seem counter-intuitive to use cold air as a heat source, but heat energy is present even at very cold temperatures.

  (用冷空气作为热源，似乎是有悖常理, 但是，即使在非常冷的温度下, 热能也会存在。)

  In the summer the process is reversed and the pump will act as an air conditioner, absorbing the heat from within your home and transferring it outside.

  (在夏季，这个过程是相反的，热泵将作为一个空调，吸收来自家里的热量，并把它转移到外面。)

  Thanks to advancements in technology you can now install Cold Climate Heat Pump (CCHP) that function at temperatures as low as -17 degree Fahrenheit.

  (由于技术的进步，你现在可以安装冷气候功能的热泵(CCHP)，温度可以低至华氏17度——相当于摄氏8.3度。)

  With a heat pump homeowners can expect to see anywhere from $1000-$1500 in savings.

  (使用热泵，房主可以预计从任何地方看到1000 ～ 1500美元的节省。)

  If you heat with cord wood or wood pellets you can expect to see slight savings.

  (如果你使用堆积垛材木柴或者是使用木质颗粒燃料加热，你可以看到轻微的节省。)

  Homeowners with newer natural gas systems will see very little, if any savings.

  (拥有较新天然气系统的房主只能获得很少的节省。)

  Something worth considering is that is oil and propane prices can fluctuate significantly while electricity prices stay relatively stable.

  (值得考虑的是，石油和丙烷价格可能会大幅波动，而电力价格保持相对稳定。)

  Yes! Heat pumps are two times more efficient than the average air conditioning unit and are much quieter as well.

  (是的!热泵比一般的空调机组效率高两倍，而且也更安静。)

  Many units have smart controls, making it easy to keep temperatures in your home stable and comfortable.

  (许多组成单元有智能控制，使它很容易保持在您的家庭稳定和舒适的温度。)

  Heat pumps will also filter and dehumidify the air inside your home year-round.

  (热泵也将过滤并且除去湿气空气在您家全年里面。)

  Alright I Want One, How Expensive Are They? (好的, 我想要一个, 他们有多贵?)

  The cost of installation will, on average, fall within the $3000-$8000 range.

  (安装成本平均在3000-8000美元之间。)

  Not a small amount of money to be sure, however, with financing you could see savings in the first year!

  (的确不是一个小数目的钱，然而，你在第一年就可以看到节省效果!)

  HEAT YOUR HOME WITH AIR SOURCE HEAT PUMPS(用空气源热泵加热你的家)

  Heating systems designed with Air Source Heat Pump technology are flexible and more cost effective in the long term than a traditional fossil fuel boiler.

  (采用空气源热泵技术设计的供暖系统比传统的化石燃料锅炉具有更大的灵活性和更高的性价比。)

  If you're currently using heating oil, LPG or electric to heat your home, you could save money on your heating bills and have greater control over your heating.

  (如果您目前使用的是取暖油、液化石油气或电加热您的家，您可以节省您的取暖费，并有更大的控制您的供暖费用。)

  1. Heat pump(热泵) 、2. DHW cylinder( Domestic Hot Water cylinder——生活热水存储罐)、3. Heating water buffer cylinder(供暖热水缓冲存储罐)

  Air Source Heat Pumps extract heat from the air around us and if installed correctly can heat our homes when the outside temperature is as low as -15C. Working like a fridge, but in reverse, they do require some electric to produce heat, but for every unit of electric they use, they can produce up to 4.35 units of heat - so that's up to 3.35 units of free heat for your home.

  (空气源热泵，从我们周围的空气中提取热量, 如果正确安装, 可以在室外温度低至-15度的时候加热我们的房屋。运作过程，如同冰箱一样，但是相反，他们确实需要一些电来产生热量，但是他们使用的每个电力单元都可以产生高达4.35个单位的热量 —— 所以这就为您的家庭提供了高达3.35个单位的免费热量。)

  Air Source Heat Pumps live outside, so unlike a gas or biomass boiler, they don't take up any room inside your home.

  (空气源热泵安置在室外，所以不像燃气锅炉或生物质锅炉那样，它们不会占用你家里的任何空间。)

  Easy to install – they don’t require as much space as Ground Source or Biomass systems and only take a few days to install.

  (易于安装 —— 它们不需要像地源热泵系统或生物质燃料锅炉系统占用那么多的空间，只需要几天的安装时间。)

  Low maintenance – they require very little maintenance and have a life span of well over 20 years.

  (低维护 —— 他们需要很少的维护，寿命超过20年。)

  Because they run at lower temperatures they are a perfect heat source for underfloor heating systems and used properly, regulate the temperature of your house more efficiently.

  (因为它们在较低的温度下运行，所以它们是地板采暖系统的理想热源，并且使用得当，可以更有效地调节房屋的温度。)

  采用“空气源热泵系统”，为室内采暖以及生活热水，提供热量，示意图。

  Air source heat pumps have been seen by some as a panacea, but in fact this isn't quite the case.

  (一些人认为空气源热泵是万能的，但事实上情况并非如此。)

  As the Energy Saving Trust’s field trials showed, the right specification is critical, and they are not suitable for all properties.

  (正如节能信托的现场试验所显示的那样，正确的规格至关重要，并不适用于所有的房产。)

  Key points raised by this study included the fact that new-build projects and well-insulated existing homes that are off-grid have the potential to have their running costs reduced through installing an air source heat pump.

  (这项研究提出的关键点包括：新的建筑项目和远离公共资源网络的良好绝缘的现有住宅有可能通过安装空气源热泵来降低运行成本。)

  The best performance can be assured if the house is as well insulated as possible, and features low-temperature underfloor heating or over-sized radiators, as well as user-friendly controls.

  (如果房屋尽可能地绝热，则可以保证最佳的性能，并且具有低温地暖或超大散热器，以及人性化的控制。)

  If correctly specified, an air source heat pump should be able to provide 100% of a home’s domestic hot water, but often an electric immersion heater is installed too.

  (如果正确地指定，空气源热泵应该能够提供100%的家庭生活热水，但是，往往也会有辅助电加热器的安装。)

  They should also be advised that the air source heat pump will run for longer than a conventional boiler, but will closely match the heating requirements of the house thanks to proper controls (for maximum energy efficiency).

  (还应该告诉他们，空气源热泵的运行时间比传统的锅炉要长，但是由于适当的控制(为了获得最大的能量效率)，它将与房屋的供热要求紧密匹配。)

  There are also some financial incentives for air source heat pumps.

  (对空气源热泵，还有一些经济补贴奖励措施。)

  The Government’s Renewable Heat Incentive (RHI) has been extended to include homes, and offers a tariff to those who install certain types of renewables on their homes.

  (政府的可再生能源补贴(RHI)，已扩展到包括安老院，并向那些在他们的家中安装某些类型的可再生能源的人提供了免税。)

  Only some air source heat pumps on the market are registered under the Micro generation Certification Scheme (MCS), and an accredited product has to be installed by an accredited installer to qualify for the RHI payments.

  (市场上只有一些空气源热泵在微型发电机组认证计划(MCS)下注册，认可的产品必须由认可的安装人员安装才能获得RHI支付资格。)

  These payments only run for 7 years, but are intended to pay for the additional capital costs of the system, over and above that of a traditional heating system, during this time.

  (这些补贴仅实行7年，但意图在此期间支付系统的额外资金成本，超过传统供热系统的那部分成本。)

  An air source heat pump can provide running cost savings for off-grid sites with no access to mains gas.

  (空气源热泵可为远离公共资源网络的场所节省运行成本，而无需主要使用燃气。)

  Specifying an air source heat pump can provide a significant improvement against Part L of the Building Regulations, due to the way that heat pumps are modelled in the calculations.

  (指定空气源热泵可以为建筑法规的第 L 部分提供显著的改进, 因为热泵是在计算中模拟的。)

  There are however a few limitations that should be considered: (然而，应该考虑到一些限制：)

  Air source heat pumps tend to be much smaller than traditional gas boilers in terms of heat output, so it generally takes longer to heat up the hot water cylinder

  (在热量输出方面，空气源热泵比传统的燃气锅炉要小得多，因此热水器的加热通常需要较长的时间。)

  Most air source heat pump systems require the installation of an external box, which can be obtrusive in terms of noise and appearance

  (大多数空气源热泵系统都需要安装一个外部的箱子，这可能是在噪音和外观方面的突兀。)

  In addition, there are a couple of other considerations that should be borne in mind:

  (此外，还应考虑到其他一些考虑因素：)

  Air source heat pump efficiencies are generally stated at an external temperature of 7°C, which may not reflect the actual average efficiencies achieved during the year.

  (空气源热泵效率通常在外部温度为7°C时表示，这可能不能反映年内实现的实际平均效率。)

  During cold weather air source heat pumps can consume energy by having to defrost themselves, so may not be cost efficient during extended cold periods

  (在寒冷的天气中，空气源热泵可以通过自身除霜来消耗能量，因此在长时间的寒冷期间可能不具有成本效益)

  What are the Benefits of Air Source Heat Pumps? (空气源热泵的优点是什么?)

  Less space is required compared to other renewable products because the main unit is located outside.

  (由于主机位于外部，与其他可再生产品相比，需要更少的空间。)

  They are generally more cost effective to install than alternative renewable heating systems.

  (与替代的可再生能源供暖系统相比，它们通常更具成本效益。)

  On a well-designed heating system with under-floor heating and an outside air temperature of 7℃, air source heat pumps can reach efficiencies of up to 5.1kW of heat for every 1kW of electricity used.

  (在设计良好的地板采暖系统和室外空气温度为7度的加热系统上，空气源热泵每使用1kW的电，可达到高达5.1kW的热效率。)

  This is known as the COP (Coefficient of Performance). Electric storage heaters have a COP of 1kW of heat to every 1kW of electricity used.

  (这就是所谓的COP(性能系数)。 电存储式加热器每使用1kW电，COP的功率为1kW。)

  Can be used with radiators and under-floor heating systems.(可以与散热器和地板下的加热系统一起使用。)

  Only 1 fuel bill is required for your home as they only require electricity to run.

  (由于只需要电力运行，您的家只需要1种燃料账单。)

  Very reliable as there are no hot burners required. (非常可靠，因为不需要热燃烧器。)

  Renewable Heat Incentive (RHI) funding available. (可再生热激励(RHI)资金。)

  How do Air Source Heat Pumps work? (空气源热泵如何工作?)

  1. Ambient air(环境空气)

  Heat is extracted from the ambient air. (热量从环境空气中提取。)

  2. Refrigerant in tubes(制冷剂在管中)

  As the ambient air is pulled through the evaporator, refrigerant is circulated through the evaporator.

  (当环境空气通过蒸发器时，制冷剂通过蒸发器循环。)

  3. Compressor(压缩机)

  This raises the temperature of the refrigerant and turns the liquid refrigerant to gas.

  (这提升了制冷剂的温度并使液体制冷剂变成气体。)

  4. Condensed refrigerant(冷凝的制冷剂)

  The hot gas is then passed through a condenser where the heat is passed onto water.

  (热气然后通过冷凝器，在此将热量传递到水上。)

  5. Expansion Valve(膨胀阀)

  Once the heat has been removed the hot gas turns back into a liquid to start the cycle again.

  (一旦热量被移除，热的气体又变回液体，重新开始循环。)

  Heat pumps have been gaining in popularity in recent years due to rising energy prices and falling technology costs.

  (由于能源价格上涨和技术成本下降，热泵近年来越来越受欢迎。)

  As most people probably know, a heat pump can provide a substantially greater amount of heat than the electricity it consumes simply because it just moves heat around instead of generating it.

  (正如大多数人可能知道的那样，热泵可以提供比它所消耗的电量大得多的热量，因为它只是移动热量而不是产生热量。)

  The resulting ability to operate at 200%, 300% or even higher efficiencies gives heat pumps quite a bit of cool cleantech appeal.

  (由此产生的200%、300%，甚至更高效率的运行能力，使得热泵，在清洁(能源)技术方面，颇具吸引力。)

  空气源热泵系统”运行原理示意图

  Heat Pump Cycle(热泵循环)、1. Fan(风扇)、2. Vapour(蒸汽)、3. Warm Vapour(温暖的蒸汽)、4. Condensed vapour(冷凝蒸汽)